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Clement (died 1258) was a 13th-century Dominican friar who was the first member of the Dominican Order in Britain and Ireland to become a bishop. In 1233, he was selected to lead the ailing diocese of Dunblane in Scotland, and faced a struggle to bring the bishopric of Dunblane (or "bishopric of Strathearn") to financial viability. This involved many negotiations with the powerful religious institutions and secular authorities which had acquired control of the revenue that would normally have been the entitlement of Clement's bishopric. The negotiations proved difficult, forcing Clement to visit the papal court in Rome. While not achieving all of his aims, Clement succeeded in saving the bishopric from relocation to Inchaffray Abbey. He also regained enough revenue to begin work on the new Dunblane Cathedral. He faced a similar challenge with the impoverished bishopric of Argyll in the 1240s. He was given the job of restoring the viability of the diocese and installing a new bishop; this involved forming a close relationship with King Alexander II of Scotland. Clement was with the king during his campaign in Argyll in 1249 and was at his side when he died during this campaign. In 1250 Clement had been able to install a new bishop in Argyll and had become one of the Guardians appointed to govern Scotland during the minority of King Alexander III. By 1250 he had established a reputation as one of the most active Dominican reformers in Britain. Clement helped to elevate Edmund of Abingdon and Queen Margaret to sainthood. After his death, he received veneration as a saint himself, although he was never formally canonised. ==Early years and background== The ''Analecta Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum'' claims that he was "a Scot by birth", and that he was admitted into the Dominican Order of Paris in 1219.〔James Hutchison Cockburn, ''The Medieval Bishops of Dunblane and Their Church'', (Edinburgh, 1959), pp. 46, 63, n. 3.〕 The latter source, however, is often highly unreliable, and cannot be fully trusted.〔James Hutchison, "Friar Clement, OP", in ''The Society of Friends of Dunblane Cathedral'', 7 (1956), pp. 86–93.〕 The historian Archie Duncan was cautious about a date as firm and early as 1221, and wrote that Clement "had entered the Dominican order by the later 1220s".〔See A. A. M. Duncan, "Clement (d. 1258)", in the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 (, accessed 30 Nov 2006 )〕 Although "Clement" is neither a Scottish nor an English name, the large number of French-speakers in both Scotland and England during this period means that this consideration carries limited weight;〔French-speakers in Scotland and England are well known, and perhaps the most famous characteristic of this period in both countries; they are discussed in almost every relevant history of both countries; but for instance, French culture and language in Scotland are explored in D. D. R. Owen's ''The Reign of William the Lion: Kingship and Culture, 1143–1214'', (East Linton, 1997); see also G. W. S. Barrow, "French after the Style of Petithachengon", in Barbara Crawford (ed.), ''Church, Chronicle and Learning in Medieval and Early Renaissance Scotland''; (Edinburgh, 1999), pp. 187–93.〕 indeed "Clement" need not even have been his birth-name.〔For examples of name-changing in England (to French names) later in life, see Ian Short, "''Tam Angli Quam Franci'': Self-Definition in Anglo-Norman England", in ''Anglo-Norman Studies'', XVIII (Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1995), pp. 160–61.〕 The diocese of Dunblane was entirely Gaelic-speaking in Clement's day, and in this era it was often frowned upon for a bishop to be ignorant of the language of his diocese.〔E.g., see Robert Bartlett, ''The Making of Europe, Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change: 950–1350'', (London, 1993), pp. 222–23.〕 If this had been a consideration in Clement's later appointment, then this would strongly suggest that Clement was in fact a Scot. It is worth adding that Clement was later noted for his skill in languages.〔Cockburn, ''Medieval Bishops of Dunblane'', pp. 46, 63.〕 Clement received his university education at either the University of Oxford or the University of Paris, perhaps at both of these institutions.〔Cockburn, ''Medieval Bishops of Dunblane'', p. 47.〕 There is a possibility that he can be identified more fully as "Clement Rocha". A "Father Clement Rocha" was the owner of a manuscript from the period now held in Edinburgh. This, however, says nothing more about his background.〔 The Dominican Order had its origins in the reformist ideology of Dominic de Guzmán, later Saint Dominic. By 1219, Dominic had established houses as far apart as Paris, Bologna, Madrid and Segovia; at his death in 1221, there were 21 houses.〔Malcolm Barber, ''The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050–1320'', (London, 1992), pp. 161–64.〕 Expansion of the order continued into England as houses were established at Oxford in 1221 and London in 1224.〔Barber, ''The Two Cities'', p. 165.〕 There were five houses in England by 1230, by which time the Order was poised to enter Scotland.〔 Later tradition had it that the Dominican Order entered Scotland in 1230, encouraged by King Alexander II and William de Malveisin, Bishop of St Andrews. However, the earliest certain date for the foundation of a Dominican house in Scotland is 1234.〔Ian B. Cowan, & David E. Easson, ''Medieval Religious Houses: Scotland With an Appendix on the Houses in the Isle of Man'', Second Edition, (London, 1976), pp. 114–21; Duncan, "Clement (d. 1258)"〕 These details form the context for Clement's appearance in Scotland and his selection as the new Bishop of Dunblane. Three years had passed since the death of the last bishop, Osbert. Since there was no electoral college for the diocese, Pope Gregory IX charged the bishops of St Andrews, Brechin and Dunkeld, to find and nominate a suitable replacement.〔Augustin Theiner, ''Vetera monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum historiam illustrantia, quae ex Vaticani Neapolis ac Florentiae'', (Rome, 1864), no. 91; Cockburn, ''Medieval Bishops of Dunblane'', p. 46.〕 There can only be informed speculation regarding the choice of Clement. Importantly, perhaps, King Alexander was later noted for "his concern for building churches for the Friars Preacher (precipue Predicatorum'' )".〔Bower, ''Scotichronicon'', ix.63, in Simon Taylor, D. E. R. Watt and Brian Scott (eds.), ''Scotichronicon by Walter Bower in Latin and English'', vol. 5, (Aberdeen, 1990), p. 192–93.〕 The status of the Dominicans at the cutting edge of religious reform, together with Clement's background, may have been the decisive factors. At any rate, Clement was consecrated as bishop at Wedale on 4 September 1233, by William de Malveisin, Bishop of St Andrews.〔John Dowden, ''The Bishops of Scotland'', ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912), p. 197.〕 His consecration meant that he was the first Dominican in the British Isles to obtain a bishopric. This has prompted the historian Archie Duncan to comment that "the choice of the first friar-bishop ... can only be called daring".〔Duncan, "Clement (d. 1258)".〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Clement of Dunblane」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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